Alternatively, an efficient way to use this Contents summary is to first view our Index of Articles by Town, which gives the Volume and issue number for all articles and data sets in Landsmen. Make a note of the citations for all items in the Index of interest to you. Then return to this Contents page and scroll down the list below until you reach the specific issues of interest to you

Vol. 1 - No. 1 (1990)

• Suwalk-Lomza Mormon Holdings: A first inventory, with research tips. Record extracts in this issue: Berzniki and Koletnicki births, marriages, and deaths (1808-1825); Punsk marriages (1808-1825); and Sejny marriages (1824-1825).
• History of Suwalki and Vicinity: Translated from the Yizkor Book. Fascinating, and very detailed.
• Our Prussian Origins: The Salinger family story.
• Family Histories: From published sources: Rote-Rosen, Epstein, Mevzes, Lipniacki, etc.
• Other Features: Suwalk-Lomza pioneers in Buffalo and Rochester, NY.  Some Hollywood personalities and other notables who share origins with our members.
• Yizkor [Memorial] books for our area.  Marjampol Aid Society of Chicago.  Landsmanshaft Certificates of Incorporation as a research resource.  Twenty pages of Family Finder ads from our members.

Vol. 1 - No. 2 (1991)

• The Emigration From Suwalki & Vicinity: Another segment from the Suwalki Yizkor Book.
• Index of Surnames in the Jedwabne Yizkor Book .
• The Rabbis of Augustow: Translated abstract from the Augustow Yizkor Book.
• Mormon Holdings for Suwalk-Lomza: More in our continuing survey and analysis.
• Other Archival Resources: The Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, Israel; and early 19th century taxpayer lists discovered in Warsaw.
• Boston: Suwalk-Lomza pioneers.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Jeleniewo births and deaths, and Suwalki marriages (1808-1825).

Vol. 1 - Nos. 3 - 4 Double Issue (1991)

• Education and the Enlightenment in Suwalki & Vicinity: Another segment from the Yizkor Book.
• The Suwalk-Lomza Kollel in Eretz Israel: Discussion of the Montefiore censuses (19th century), Jerusalem.
• 19th century Financial Records at AGAD, Warsaw: Overview of this resource, with names (plus surname and patronymic) of 700 taxpayers (circa 1819-1837) from Augustow, Kalwarja, Ludwinow, Marjampol, Raczki, Simnas, Sopockinie, and Vilkowyszk.
• Napoleon and Ponemune: Family legends, and brief review of Ponemune Jews; outline of key Suwalki gubernia historical events.
• Experiences in Three Cemeteries: Cemetery restoration in Jeleniewo; and 19th century tombstone transcriptions from Wierzbolow / Virbalis and Kalwarja.
• Other Features: Imaginative short story on Rajgrod.  A Swede's roots in Raczki and Marjampol.  Overview of Mormon records for the "Adjacent Bialystok Region."
• Record Extracts This Issue: Marriages from: Kolno (1808-1825); Nowogrod (1818-1837); Wizajny (1808-1848); and Szaki (1826-1833).

Vol. 2 - No. 1 (1991)

• Vishtinetz (Wisztyniec / Westitten): Comprehensive history of this Jewish community, drawn from a wide range of foreign language sources. Documents most of the Jewish families there in the 19th century, including some that originated, or later resided in, other Suwalki gubernia towns; and early emigration to the U.S and elsewhere. Appendix: Long list of Jewish taxpayers in Vishtinetz (circa 1826-1831), from Warsaw Archives.
• Book on the Dworskys (et. al.) of Lozdzieje. Summary.
• Utica and Syracuse, NY: Suwalk-Lomza pioneers.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Nowogrod births and deaths (1826-1836); Lomza marriages (1808-1825); Suwalki births (1808-1825).

Vol. 2 - Nos. 2 - 3 Double Issue (1992)

• The Jewish Communities of Lejpuny and Sereje. Full translation from Berl Kagan's Yiddish book. Many ordinary folk are included. Appendix: 240 Jewish taxpayers in Sereje (circa 1824-1827), from Warsaw files.
• Attitude of Augustow Province [Suwalk-Lomza] Jews Toward the 1863 Insurrection. Identifies many Suwalk-Lomza Jews who fought with and supplied the Polish National Guard, raided government banks, smuggled arms, and did other risky things. Includes interesting demographic data. Translated from a Polish article.
• Donations to Eretz-Israel. Lists 420 donors (circa 1890-1895) from Kalwarja, Preny, Sereje, Suwalki, Wierzbolow / Virbalis, Wladyslawow / Neustadt, Lomza, and Rajgrod.
• Tiktin / Tykocin Landsleit in Chicago. Taken from a rare English language book (1949). Discusses Jewish Tiktin from 16th century to the Holocaust, and the Chicago landsleit. About 300 Tiktinites are named. Cites additional sources.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Marriages from Olita/Alytus (1835-1865); Lomza (1827-1836); and Bakalarzewo / Baklerowe (1808-1833).

Vol. 2 - No. 4 (1992)

• Where The Boys Are: With brides elsewhere, if marriage patterns in Suwalki are typical. Jewish records for Suwalki reveal a high rate of inter-town marriages (40%), in which the out-of-town partner was usually the groom. Given here are: surname, birth place, and residence of brides and grooms for the 874 marriages from 1826 - 1854; alphabetized by surname. Appendix gives guidance on reading data about birthplace and residence in Polish records. Additional research is offered at minimal charge.
• Jews in the Nordic Countries: Drawing on published and unpublished foreign language sources, an overview of the earliest East European Jewish migration to these countries, in which Suwalk-Lomza families were predominant. Appendices: previously unpublished list of 19th century civil record certifications sent by the Suwalki Archives to the Karlstad, Sweden Jewish community; and list of Suwalk-Lomza Jews in Norway (19th century).
• Record Extracts This Issue: Lomza births (1808-1816).

Vol. 3 - No. 1 (1992)

• The 1875 Census of the Suwalk-Lomza Kollel in Jerusalem: Given here is the history and full contents of this Montefiore census, numbering 80 families (210 persons from 30 Suwalk-Lomza towns).
• Suwalki & Vicinity Landsmanshaft Cemeteries in NYC: Overview of the cemeteries under this auspice, with names and dates for 313 persons at St. Albans, NY.
• Where The Boys Are: Part II. Continues our analysis of Jewish marriages for Suwalki. Provided here is index with bride and groom surnames and information on out-of-town birthplace/ residence for the 727 marriages in 1856-1867. Includes data on numerous families from over 100 Suwalk-Lomza towns.
• Other Features: A moving experience in Ostrolenka.  List of 70 Jewish taxpayers in Rajgrod for year 1827, from Warsaw files.
• Record Extracts This Issue: In our usual full detail, Lomza births (1816-1820).

Vol. 3 - Nos. 2 - 3 Double Issue (1993)

• The Jewish Community of Marjampol. Full translation from Kagan's Yiddish book; with list of 90 Marjampol contributors to Eretz Israel (circa 1900).
• Tombstone Inscriptions From Merkine / Meretz. Also summarizes the Jewish history of this bordering town.
• Other Features: Translation of a Yiddish memoir by a Grajewo native (b.1876) about many families and daily life in Nowogrod, Grajewo, Sereje, and Metele. <> Completion of the Jeleniewo cemetery restoration. <> Some research services in Poland and Lithuania, and lesser known resources.
• Record Extracts This Issue: A treasure trove results from this publication of all Jewish marriages in Lozdzieje filmed by the Mormons (1808-1854), included in which are marriages that took place in Wiejsieje and Lejpuny; and data on many families from other towns marrying into Lozdzieje vicinity, especially Sejny, Kalwarja, Sereje, Marjampol, and Raczki. Also in this issue: Lozdzieje deaths (1808-1817); Szaki births (1826-1829); and Lomza births (1821-1825).

Vol. 3 - No. 4 (1993)

• Images From Nowogrod. Sketches of everyday life, translated from a chapter in the Lomza Yizkor Book.
• The Reward For Thy Labor. Contents of a Certificate of Appreciation in 1887 by the NYC Suwalker Congregation Mishkan Israel Anshey, signed by 57 members. Also gives names of synagogue officers.
• Two Brief Memoirs on Raczki. From the Suwalki and Vicinity Yizkor Book. Names many families in Raczki, and some in nearby towns.
• Polish Archives. Discusses more civil records found in Poland not filmed by the Mormons; and discovery of Books of Residents and mortgage records.
• Record Extracts This Issue: All Jewish births and marriages in Rajgrod filmed by the Mormons (1826-1850). Situated on the Suwalk-Lomza crossroads, this little town is rich in information on families from everywhere, but especially: Suwalki vicinity, Augustow district, Grajewo, Szczuczyn, and villages in Lomza district.

Vol. 4 - No. 1 (1993)

• The Jewish Community of Kalwarja. Full translation from Kagan's Yiddish book.
• East European Roots in Sweden. A Swede's Jewish ancestry is unmasked through newly found records in Vilnius from Marjampol, and other sources. Gives list of Marjampol records found at Vilnius Archives.
• Other Features: List of 77 taxpayers in Wierzbolow / Virbalis (1828-1834), from files in Warsaw.  Members share experiences with research in Poland, American landsmanshaft, cemeteries.  Offer of research assistance in France.  More family connections in Rajgrod.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Lozdzieje deaths (1818-1822); Metele births, marriages, and deaths (1808-1825); Sereje marriages (1826-1846) - includes marriages in Liszkow and Miroslaw, and data on many families from other Suwalki towns; and Piantnica births (1808-1825).

Vol. 4 - Nos. 2 - 3 Double Issue (1994)

• Early Hebrew Newspapers. The value of donor lists from Eastern European towns is emphasized in this historical overview. Also given are four such lists from Kalwarja (1872-1876) and one from Ponemune (1886).
• East Prussian Origins. A remarkable picture of one Suwalk gubernia family through three centuries of life in this border area. Experiences mining German archives are recounted; appendices discuss other Jewish sources, and the border town of Jurbarkas.
• Wladyslawow (Kudirka-Naumiestis / Neustadt). Two views of this Jewish community, 100 years apart, from Warsaw archives taxpayer lists (1821-1831); and a town map with family residences, by a native (circa 1910-1920).
• Visit to Lithuania. A trip to Ostrow Kirsna, and the newly discovered cemetery in Urdomin / Rudamine. With some photographs and tombstone inscriptions.
• Jews in Gotland. Historical overview, plus list of East European Jews on this Swedish island in the 19th century.
• Comprehensive Index for Lomza Marriages (1837-1855). Alphabetized index of the 850 marriages in these years, including: bride and groom surnames and given names; maiden names of widowed brides, and mothers; birthplace and residence. Families from over 350 towns and villages in Suwalk-Lomza show up here. Offers a research service for full details from any record at minimal charge.
• Other Record Extracts This Issue (in our usual full detail): Sereje marriages (1848-56) - includes marriages in Miroslaw and Metele, and data on other Suwalk gubernia families; Piantnica marriages and deaths (1808-1825); Lozdzieje deaths (1823-25); and Kolno births and deaths (1808-1825).

Vol. 4 - No. 4 (1994)

• Grajewo of Yore. The pre-WWI history of this Jewish community, translated from the Lomza Yizkor Book.
• Travel in Suwalki Gubernia. Research in Vilnius, and travel through Marjampol, Kalwarja, Wladyslawow (Kudirkos / Neustadt), and Vilkaviskis. Includes unusual Kalwarja photographs; and information on Vilkaviskis Jewish cemetery.
• Other Features: Archival documents illustrating the perils in East Prussia for so-called "protected Jews."  Katzenellenbogens in Suwalki.  Hebrew College library (Boston) as a genealogical resource.  Offer of research assistance in Scotland.  Rare photograph of Suwalki synagogue, 1879.
• Record Extracts This Issue: All post-1826 Jewish marriages filmed by the Mormons through the Polish period for Szczuczyn (1826-1831; 1850-1868) and Grajewo (1834-1857). Nearly half of the marriages are with other Suwalk-Lomza families. Also, Szaki births (1830-1833).

Vol. 5 - No. 1 (1994)

• Lithuanian State Historical Archives. Describes newly discovered 19th century civil records for: Szaki, Alexota, Godlewo / Garliava, Sudarg; and synagogue donor lists for Vishtinetz. Full summary of information to date on Suwalki gubernia records at this archive.
• Polish Archives. List of 19th century records (not filmed by the Mormons) for: Lozdzieje, Miroslaw, Olita, and Sereje. With guidance on obtaining records.
• Suwalker Institutions. From the Suwalki Yizkor Book, history of the Jewish hospital and charitable societies.
• Records of the Suwalki Jewish Hospital. Personal data on 543 patients (1900-1915) are given here. People from dozens of towns and villages were in this hospital.
• Marriage Patterns. Analyzes marriages among commercially prominent Lomza families, using early to-mid 19th century Lomza records.
• Lomza Marriage Index, Part II: Alphabetized list of 534 marriages in 1856-1867, with surnames, given names, maiden names, birthplace and residence. Families from over 300 Suwalk-Lomza places are found here. And offers research service for additional detail at minimal charge.

Vol. 5 - Nos. 2 - 3 Double Issue (1995)

• The Jewish Community of Simnas. Full translation from Kagan's Yiddish book. Appendix gives list of Simnas donors in 1872, from Ha-Magid.
• Lithuanian State Historical Archives. Newly discovered institutional records in various years, circa 1840-1917 for: Kalwarja District, including Simnas (passports, landowners, resident lists); and synagogue donor lists for Kalwarja and Sudarg. More 19th century civil records found for: Preny, Poniemun, Alexota, Olita, and Balwierzyski/Balbieriskis.
• Jewish Records at Polish Municipal Offices (USC). Inventory (circa 1882-1939) for many Lomza gubernia towns. Guidelines for obtaining records through correspondence, with examples from Ostrolenka USC.
• Lomzer Interments in Woodbridge, NJ
• "Twists of Fate" - A Special Section on emigration from Suwalk-Lomza, including:
  • The Kovno Conference - Jewish responses to the great famine of 1869, translated from the Yiddish encyclopedia Lite.
  • Emigration Through Hamburg, 1869-70 - Overview, with list of 315 Jewish famine victims aided by the Konigsberg Relief Committee, mostly from Suwalk-Lomza towns.
  • Pilviski & Vicinity Pioneers in Des Moines - settling down with Wild Bill Hickock in the post-Civil War era.
  • Kalmar & Vicinity, Sweden - List of Suwalk-Lomzers living there in the 19th century.
  • The Zionist Movement; and the Destruction of Suwalk - Two translated segments from the Suwalk Yizkor Book.
  • Mazel - Interesting account of a Marjampol family's emigration; literary, but not fictional.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Marriages for Wiesieje (1840-1853) - with families from nearby towns; and Radzilow (1826-1841). Lozdzieje births (1808-1825).

Vol. 5 - No. 4 (1995)

• The Jewish Community of Vilkovishki. Full translation from Kagan's Yiddish book.
• Lithuanian State Historical Archives: Update on new policies.  Marjampol vital records indexing project.  Activities of other groups related to Suwalk-Lomza.
• Tykocin Jewish Marriages: Full data from the marriages (1829-1866) are presented here, including the marriage supplements. Analyses of: reasons given as to why newlyweds did not present birth transcript at time of the marriage; low frequency of recorded births; and origins of this Jewish community in early 19th century. Appendix also gives index of marriages for 1868-1907.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Bakalarzewo marriages (1839-1867) - with many families from nearby towns (Raczki, Filipow, etc.). Szczuczyn births (1840-1849).

Vol. 6 - No. 1   Special Anniversary Issue (1995)

• Going Home to Lomza. Two memoirs, and two accounts of recent visits (with photographs). <> A Visit to Rajgrod. <> A Vilkovisk family reunites in Israel.
• Translation Guide For Letters From The Polish National Archives: A new resource that will save many hours of translation work.
• Other Features: Experiences with Polish Municipal Offices. <> Original work offered free from our members: Indexes for the Augustow and Lomza Yizkor books; Tykocin marriage indexes (1925-1934); Szczuczyn Yizkor book excerpts; Tykocin Yizkor book Contents; Jedwabne Holocaust list; Tykocin interments in Chicago; Lomza and Gac interments in NY.  Lomza Yizkor book translation and tombstone photographic projects. <> Suwalki-Filipow 1937 film restoration project.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Marriages for Filipow (1821-1825) and Sejny (1828-1847) - includes many other Suwalk-Lomza families; Filipow births (1821-1825); Nowogrod marriages (1839-1867) - many inter-marriages with families all over Lomza gubernia, especially Stawisk, Sniadowo, & Kolno; some from Suwalki gubernia. And Lomza deaths 1808-1825.

Vol. 6 - Nos. 2 - 3 Double Issue (1996)

• External Passports. The Head Archivist in Vilnius gives us an overview of Suwalki Gubernia central government fonds from 1866-1918. Included here are full details from passport files for 187 families from numerous towns all over Suwalki Gubernia, 1885-1917. [Landsmen Foreign Research Project].
• The First Suwalkers In New York: From the Suwalki & Vicinity Yizkor book. Also, appendix lists Suwalker burials in Queens, NY
• Sztabin: Historical overview, with details about several families.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Ostrow Mazowiecki marriages (1847-1865); with localities list - Przerosl marriages (1817-1875) - very high percentage of marriages with out-of-town families from all over Suwalk-Lomza. Sejny marriages (1849-1867), births (1828-1847).

Vol. 6 - No. 4 (1996)

• The Jewish Community of Lozdzieje: Full translation from Kagan's Yiddish book. Appendices give: 123 donors in Lozdzieje for famine relief in 1872; and families related to the "Lazday Tsaddik."
• Hamburg Passengers From The Kingdom Of Poland And Russian Empire (Indirect To NYC; 1855 - 1873): Overview of new Landsmen Press book, with sample pages. Also, summary of Landsmen Press book: Poles and Russians in the N.Y.C. 1870 Census.
• Other Features: Photographs of Kalwarja and Czyzewo synagogue remains. <> Przerosl families descended from Katzenellenbogen lines. <> Lomza tombstone and Yizkor book projects.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Sejny births (1849-1858); Bakalarzewo / Baklerowe marriages (1834-1837); Ostrow Mazowiecki marriages (1821-1840) - with families from other Lomza and Suwalk towns.

Vol. 7 - No. 1 (1996)

• History of the Jews of Lomza. Full translation of chapters from the Lomza Yizkor Book (15th century - 1846).
• Rajgrod Marriage Supplements, 1863-1866. Detailed data are given from supplemental documents which accompanied these no longer extant marriage records, filmed for us by the Warsaw Archives. Very high rate of marriages between Rajgroders and other Suwalk-Lomza families. Also, analyzes reasons for non-registration of newlyweds' births, and use of identity cards by some grooms in lieu of birth records. [Landsmen Foreign Research Project].
• Records for Augustow and Rajgrod in Poland. New information from Suwalki and Lomza State Archives, and local Records Offices. Finds for Augustow are some Jewish records in 19th century archival files, and Book of Residents (sample pages are given here).
• Other Features: More Wiejsieje records found in Poland.  Kalwarja Chicago synagogue members list said to be in Skokie.  Applebaum family reunion. <> Report on Suwalki-Filipow 1937 video tape restoration.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Berzniki and Krasnopol births, marriages, and deaths (1826-1829). Krasnopol marriages (1836-1845) - with many families from nearby towns; Ostrow Mazowiecki marriages (1841-1846) - with many other Lomza gubernia families, and some Suwalkers.

Vol. 7 - Nos. 2 - 3 Double Issue (1997)

• The Jewish Communities of Balbieriskis and Wiejsieje. Full translation from Kagan's Yiddish Book.
• Special Section on Raczki: Translation of Raczki article from Slownik Geograficzny Krolestwa Polskiego (with appendix on abbreviations used in that gazetteer and other translation guidance); historical material from other Polish publications; archival documents found in Warsaw and Business Directory listings [Landsmen Foreign Research Project]; article on Raczki rabbis, and book subscriber list from Suwalki Yizkor Book; list of Raczkers in Sweden, with personal data; index of Raczker surnames in Landsmen articles, and Raczkers being researched by members. The major highlights of this Special section are: an original Memoir, by a Raczker native (naming dozens of families there, and nearby estates); and a recent travel report, with outstanding photographs.
• The Suwalk-Lomza Jewish Community in Paris. Historical overview of East European immigration to Paris, at the vanguard of which were Suwalk-Lomza families. Details are given from 291 marriages of Suwalk-Lomza immigrants and their descendants (circa 1851-1901), from the Paris Consistory and regular civil records. Includes guidance on obtaining and translating French records.
• Marriages in Szczuczyn (1840-1846) and Nowogrod (1855). Full details are given here from civil records found in Poland, not filmed by the Mormons [Landsmen Foreign Research Project]. Includes many families nearby, especially Grajewo, Rajgrod, Stawiski, and Radzilow; and some Suwalki towns.
• Other Record Extracts This Issue: Krasnopol marriages (1846-1875) - includes many families from nearby towns.

Vol. 7 - No. 4 (1997)

• More Lomza Jewish History. Further translations from the Lomza Yizkor Book: the 1863 Insurrection until 1914. Appendices give additional data on the 1863 Insurrection from a different source; and examples of vignettes on Lomza area personalities, from another section of the Yizkor Book.
• Other Items: Availability of Suwalki & Vicinity landsmanshaft Anniversary Journals. <> New books by our members, and others. <> Updates on special projects.
• Russian Military Conscription Lists For Suwalki Gubernia [Part I]. Under this Landsmen Foreign Project with the Vilnius Archives, the Head Archivist presents an overview of Jewish material in fonds of the seven Suwalki Gubernia District Administrations. In this issue are military conscription data for 400 families or individuals (1897-1915) from Sejny district [Sejny, Berzniki, Kopciowo, Krasnopol, Kudrany, Lejpuny, Pokrowsk, Sereje, Wiejsieje]; and Suwalki district [Filipow, Jeleniewo, Przerosl, and Sejwy], and nearby villages. Much genealogical information is given about these conscripts and members of their families, including information on draft evaders. Further material in process of publication from those fonds are also discussed, including extensive data on families evacuated from many Suwalki gubernia towns by the Czarist government in 1915.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Radzilow births (1826-1847).

Vol. 8 - No. 1 (1997)

• A House on Rybaki Street: Another visit to Lomza. In this one, however, a rather startling personal experience. With several photographs. Appendix: "The Inhabitants of the Rybaki," translated from the Lomza Yizkor book.
• In Search of Ostrolenka: gives data on many Ostrolenka Jews from recently found documents in Pultusk; and discussion of other new finds in Poland.
• A "New" Source on Jurbarkas. Brief overview of recently discovered historical book on this bordering town.
• Russian Military Conscription Lists For Suwalk Gubernia. In Part II of this project, the Head Archivist of the Vilnius Archives provides extracts of data on Jewish conscripts and their families (1897-1916) from: Kalwarja, Lozdzieje, Lubowow, Metele, Olita, Simno, Urdomin, and a small number of others from the districts of Wolkowyszk and Augustow [Landsmen Foreign Research Project].
• Other Items: Report on new projects for Suwalki and Filipow.  Augustow and Lomza Yizkor books on microfilm.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Marriages from Zambrow 1848 -1865. Includes many families from other towns, especially Lomza, Tykocin and Wysoki Mazowieck.

Vol. 8 - No. 2 (1998)

• Writers From Suwalki: Translated from the Yizkor book. Another glimpse into 19^th centiry Jewish cultural life.
• Less Traveled Roads: Research stories from our members, concerning Lomzyca, Rajgrod, Kybarti and a Marjampol pioneer in 1857 New Orleans. <> Suwalki photographs.
• Miscellaneous Data on Jews at Vilnius Archives. From the Head Archivist, extracts from 123 vital records across many Suwalki gubernia towns (1830-1913); census lists (1911-1914) for Krasnopol, Lozdzieje, Berzniki, Kopciowo; and other assorted files for Suwalki gubernia towns [Landsmen Foreign Research Project].
• Extract Data in this Issue: Extracts from marriage supplements in Poland, not filmed by the Mormons, for Grajewo (1844-1851) and Rajgrod (1828) [Landsmen Foreign Research Project].

Vol. 8 - Nos. 3 - 4 Double Issue (1998)

• Special Section on Filipow: A collection of historical material, from several language sources, with excellent photos from 1931.
• Graves in Sundsvall, Sweden Jewish Cemetery: many Suwalk-Lomza immigrants, several born in early 19^th century.
• Statistics on Suwalki Gubernia: from the 1897 Russian census.
• Other items: Offer of 1930's Sereje photos.  Updates on Lomza cemetery and Yizkor book projects.
• Jews in Resident Books for Alexota and gm. Pogermon: Given here are all data from these books, with very many families from all over Suwalki gubernia, Kowno, and elsewhere. Extensive cross-generational data. Includes historical overview and analysis. [Landsmen Foreign Research Project].
• Szczuczyn marriage supplements (1836, 1848-49): extracts from documents in Poland, not filmed by the Mormons, which include families from nearby towns [Landsmen Foreign Research Project].
• Filipow marriages (1829-1869): all data from the Mormon microfilm of these records.

Vol. 9 - No. 1 (January, 1999)

• Historical Varia From Rocznik Bialistocki: Translated abstracts of articles on Polish-Lithuanian history: Szczuczyn, Wasosz, Raczki-Dowspuda, and Suwalki vicinity.
• Suwalk & Vicinity Relief, Interwar Period: Translated from the Yizkor book.
• New Developments for Lomza City: Lomza Torah in the U.S.; cemetery restoration in Lomza; survivors in Israel; discovery of Lomza 1897 census records in Poland.
• Resident Book Data for Zapyskis / Sapiezynski: Extensive genealogies, including families from many other places in Suwalki gubernia and elsewhere. [Landsmen Foreign Research Project]
• More Swedish connections
• Record Extracts This Issue: Nowogrod marriage supplements (1832-1833; c. 1841-44) from documents in Poland not filmed by the Mormons [Landsmen Foreign Research Project]. Includes many families from nearby towns. Wasosz marriages (1840-1875): an exceptionally high percentage of out-of-town families is found here (75%), from Stawiski, Szczuczyn, Grajewo, Rajgrod, and elsewhere.

Vol. 9 - Nos. 2 - 3 Double Issue (June, 1999)

• Historical Material for the Szczuczyn-Grajewo Area: From Polish sources, interesting facts c. 1800-1890, including Jews found in a Szczuczyn 1810 Inventory.
• Suwalk-Lomza Population Data for 1897 and 1921.
• Lomza Immigrant Societies: Translated from the Lomza Yizkor book.
• Some Research Initiatives by Our Members: Jewish material on Oskarshamn, Sweden; Some early Suwalk-Lomzers in Great Britain; Suwalk gubernia ancestry of actress Gwyneth Paltrow; A trip to Wladyslawow / Kudirkos Naumiestis [with tombstone inscriptions]; A visit to Suwalki & vicinity. Several photographs are included.
• Resident Book Data From Sudarg, and other small rural settlements in Wladyslawow District; and small settlements in Marjampol District [Landsmen Foreign Research Projects]. Includes many families from other towns, especially Wladyslawow, Szaki, Vilkowiskis, and Pilviski.
• Record Extracts This Issue: From the Mormon microfilms - Zambrow marriages, 1842-1847 [most newlyweds came from other Lomza gubernia towns]; And Nowogród births, 1837-1846.

Vol. 9 - No. 4 (1999)

• Sopockin: an Historical Overview. From various Polish and other sources, with photos and contents of 1923-24 Polish Business Dirctory for this town.
• Jews Evicted From Suwalki Gubernia in 1915: Preview of this new Landsmen Press book, compiled by Galina Baranova.
• Publishers from Suwalki [another Yizkor book translation].
• Paris Marriages Revisted: Part I. Extracts from Paris civil marriages, revealing many more Suwalk-Lomza families than reported in our previous work on this subject, which used Paris synagogue marriages, and more details.
• Marriage Extracts: From civil records (LDS) for Czyzewo (1839-1852). With families from other Lomza gubernia towns, especially the area around Wysokie Mazowiecki.

Vol. 10 - Nos. 1 - 2   Double Issue   (2000)

• "The Last Forty Years," and "Jews On The Land": Two new translations from the Suwalki & Vicinity Yizkor Book.
• Special Section on Bakalarzewo / Baklerowe: History, and lists of Baklerower families, from several sources.
• Sopockin/Sopockiniec: Part II of this town history, with lists of burials at American cemeteries, and several photos.
• Traverse City, Michigan: Suwalki pioneers in the woodlands. Postscript: Other early arrivals in obscure small American towns, from Suwalki vicinity and Makow.
• Paris Marriages Revisted: Part II. Continues our extracts from 19th century Paris civil marriages, with many families from Suwalki & Vicinity [especially Przerosl, Raczki, Wizajny]; Augustow; Lithuanian towns [Wladyslawow, Wolkowyszki, Kalwarja, etc.]; Lomza gubernia towns and bordering areas.
• Portions of Resident Books. From fonds of the Suwalki Gubernia Central Government, some resident book data extracted by Czarist authorities concerning Jews in Augustow, Holynka, Wolkowyszki, Wysztyniec, Wladyslawow, and Kalwarja [Foreign Research Fund Project].
• More on the 1915 Evictions in Sejny and Lozdzieje.
• Some Preny descendants -- Canadian Opera star and family from Punsk -- Lomza cemetery being restored.
• Marriage Extracts: From civil records (LDS) for Czyzewo (1826-1838; 1860-67) and Sniadowo (1839-1842). Includes many families from other Lomza gubernia towns.

Vol. 10 - Nos. 3 - 4   Double Issue   (2000)

• A Suwalk-Lomza Tour. Marvelous photos and interesting account of a trip to Rajgrod, Augustow, Raczki, Suwalki & Vicinity, and Wyszteniec/Vistinetz.
• Suwalk-Lomza Biographies: From a lesser known work (1917-18), much detail is extracted here for about 100 immigrants from our towns, mostly not found in other biographical works.
• Other Celebrity Profiles, including: Socialist orator and ‘Jewish Cinderella’ Rose Pastor Stokes (Augustow); the Warner Brothers (Krasnosielc); and artist Sir Jacob Epstein (Augustow), and Families in Montreal.
• History of Wysokie Mazowiecki.
• Extracts From Suwalki Government Files: Part II. More Resident Book data from: Suwalki & Vicinity; Mariampol vicinity; Preny, Alexota, Lubowo, Sereje, Weisiejai, and Szaki. Other miscellaneous data for our area on movements of Jews abroad.
• Marriage Extracts: From the Mormon films: Sniadowo (1843-1852); and Nowogrod (1808-1818). Includes many families from other Lomza gubernia towns.

Vol. 11 - Nos. 1 - 2   Double Issue   (2001)

• Visit to Stawiski, Szcuczyn, and Zambrow: Interesting experiences, plus: upcoming Szcuczyn exhibit; general and Jewish history and Business Directory (1928) for Zambrow; and several photogrphs.
• A Priest in the Family: The Odyssey of Moses Margoliouth. Genealogy and life of this Suwalki born English priest and scholar, with much additional data on related families, several Wladyslawow Jews from another source, other Suwalki converts, and discussion of 19th century English missionary societies.
• Short Takes: Jedwabne Pogrom; A Rajgrod reunion; Data from Vilnius civil records on many Jewish families in Wladyslawow, from a second-hand source.
• More 1915 Evictions: Part I: Extracted from newly-found lists for families in the districts of Marjampol (especially Alexota, Zapyski, and Olita); and others from the districts of Augustow and Sejny. Includes introductory material on the subject of the 1915 Evictions.
• Marriage Extracts: From the Mormon films: Ciechanowiec (1839-1857); and Rutki (1850-1860). Includes many families from other Lomza gubernia towns.

Vol. 11 - Nos. 3 - 4   Double Issue   (2001)

• The First World War. From the Suwalki & Vicinity Yizkor Book, names many businessmen and others at start of the 20th c., with photographs of the German occupation.
• The Jewish-Polish Lomza Gymnasium: From the Lomza Yizkor Book.
• Marjampol Jews in Chicago: Biographical data on early Jewish Chicago settlers, from a lesser known work (1932), which includes some persons from other Suwalk-Lomza towns.
• Finding A Great-Great-Grandmother: Lessons in Using Polish Records: Includes discussion of several families from Ostrow Mazowiecki, Wysokie Mazowiecki, and elsewhere.
• Sereje Society Interments in NYC: Much data for 132 burials in Queens, NY
• More 1915 Eviction Data - Part II: Data from Vilnius Archives on families all over Suwalki gubernia, but especially Szaki and Wladyslawow & vicinity.
• Szczuczyn touring photo exhibit.
• Record Extracts This Issue: Deaths in Sejny (1852), Rajgrod (1813-1825), and Nowogród (1837-1848) -- with much detail on survivors; and marriages in Nur (1826-1859), with many families from other Lomza gubernia towns.

Vol. 12 - Nos. 1 - 2   (Double Issue)   (2002)

• Special Section: "Out of the Mist - Suwalk Lomza In Its Early Years" (Part I):
  • The 1800 Prussian Inventory for Suwalk-Lomza towns, with historical background, data extracts, and analysis of the data.
  • Jewish Suwalki in the early 19th century
  • The 1784 tax list for Raczki, with analysis; and historical background on the Jewish censuses of 1765 and 1784.
• The Destruction of Lomza, from the Lomza Yizkor Book.
• Files Concerning Surveillance of Jews: From the Vilnius Archives, data on families from all over Suwalki gubernia.
• Mormon Jewish Record Extracts: Births in Nowogród (1808 - partial 1818/1819). And marriages in Szczuczyn (1869-1879), which includes many other Suwalk-Lomza families.

Vol. 12 - Nos. 3 - 4   (Double Issue)   (2002)

• From Rajgrod to Humberside. More on early Suwalk-Lomza immigrants to England.
• Augustow Revisited: report on a recent group trip to this town, with notes on several families.
• Special Section. Suwalk-Lomza in its Early Years: Part II: Inventory of 1765 and 1784 Jewish census lists found for our area; 1765 Jewish population data for our towns in the Grand Duchy entities of Grodno, Trocki and Kovno; the 1784 Jewish census for Filipow and Baklerowe. With historical introduction [Foreign Research Project].
• Jewish Businesses in Marjampol District (1911-1915). A large amount of data wherein most entries give names of fathers, type and location of business, and relatives and business associates. [Foreign Research Project].
• Other items: Some notes on Irish resources; info. on Augustow civil records not filmed by the Mormons; update on research services from Vilnius Archives; and list of newly filmed Lithuanian records.
• Civil Record Extracts: Filipow deaths (1808-1825) and marriages and births (1808-1820). Also, Nowogrod births, second part of the 1818/1819 register.

Vol. 13 - Nos. 1 - 2   (Double Issue)   (2003)

• Special Section on Wladyslawow / Neustadt (Part I): Full data from the 1784 census for this town, with analysis identifying some families [Foreign Research Project]; historical background from published sources; biographical appendix on the Shubert brothers of NYC theater fame, and other Neustadt immigrants in Syracuse, NY.
• Jeleniewo Cemetery Revisited
• Some Jewish Tax-Payers in Suwalki Gubernia (1831-1866): Data from families in Balbieriskis, Marjampol, Simnas, Sudarg, Szaki, Vilkaviskis, and Zapyskis [Foreign Research Project].
• Suwalk-Lomza immigrants to Trondheim, Norway.  Augustow photos, c. World War I.
• Other Record Extracts: From Vilnius Archives, pre-1826 B,M,D Wladyslawow records, not filmed by the Mormons. From the Mormon microfilms: Wladyslawow BMD (1833), and births and marriages (1851). Nowogrod births (1820-1825).  

Vol. 13 - Nos. 3 - 4   (Double Issue)   (2003)

• Special Section on Wladyslawow / Neustadt (Part II): Full data from the 1765 census, with analysis. [Foreign Research Project]; more history, dating to the 17th c.; population data over time. Other articles for historical context: Polish-Lithuanian Kahals, and the Polish Inns.
• Jews in the Liquor Business (1898-1902): genealogical data on liquor license holders from many towns in Kalwarja District and Suwalki District [Foreign Research Project].
• Lomza Landsmanshaft in Chicago - with long list of burials at Waldheim cemetery. 
• Photo postcards from Lozdzieje.
• Data Extracts From Mormon Microfilms: Wladyslawow D (1851), M (1870 & 1882); Sejny deaths c.1840-1849; and Grajewo marriages 1871-1875.

Vol. 14 - Nos. 1 - 2   (Double Issue)   (2004)

• Special Section on Szczuczyn.  A detailed history, from many sources; 1810-1811 Prussian Inventory for this town with identification of several Jewish households; photos and notes on other research resources. 
• The 1784 Census for Sopockin, with suggestions about using name patterns to identify families. 
•   Source Material for New-East Prussia: describes many documents for Suwalk-Lomza towns (c.1796-1810). 
• Suwalk  Gubernia Jews in the Medical Professions (late 19^th-early 20^th c.), with much family detail [Foreign Research Project].
• Russian Military Conscriptions, Part III:  Details about conscripts and their families in the Districts of Marjampol, Wladyslawow, Wolkowyski and Sejny [Foreign Research Project]. 
• Civil Records Extracts: Szczuczyn Births (1811-1825) and marriages (1809-1822).

Vol. 14 - Nos. 3 - 4   (Double Issue)   (2004)

• Special Section on Przerosl:  Detailed history, from many sources; appendices give data on Przerosl-born Jews living in other Suwalk-Lomza towns and Paris in the 19^th c. 
• Archival Documents From Lomza Gubernia: Samples of recently found documents that illustrate aspects of daily life for Polish Jews at the beginning of the 20^th c.; several people are named.
• Suwalk-Lomza Jews in Brussels. Much genealogical data on our ancestors in Brussels (and elsewhere in Belgium) with some reconstructed family trees dating to the early-to-mid 19^th c. 
• More Military Files From Suwalki Gubernia. Details about conscripts and their families in the Districts of Kalwarja, Marjampol Sejny, Wladyslawow and Wolkowyszki [Foreign Research Project].
• Civil Records Extracts: Przerosl- Births (1818-1837) and Deaths (1818-1839).

Vol. 15 - Nos. 1 - 2 (Double Issue) (2005)

• Special Section on Lozdzieje:  History 16^th - 20^th c.; includes discussion of Jewish land-owners. Appendices give Lozdzieje donors for famine relief (1872), and families evicted in 1915. Other features: translation of the Slownik Geograficzny articles for Lozdzieje and Swieto Jeziory; and full details on the 378 people in the 1765 Jewish Census for Lozdzieje and vicinity. 
• Genetic Genealogy:  Expanding the Family Tree through DNA testing of Suwalk-gub. descendants.
• Short Items: Family connections in Norway; New website for Przerosl cemetery restoration; Zambrow Society in Brooklyn, NY.
• Civil Record Extracts This Issue: Lozdzieje Births & Deaths (1827-1833).  Includes many records from Wiesieje and Leypuny.  Births & Deaths for Swieto Jeziory (1808-1825). Grajewo marriages (1876-1880) - includes many families from other Lomza Gubernia towns, especially in the Szczuczyn District.

Vol. 15 - Nos. 3 - 4 (Double Issue) (2005)

• Special Section on Sejny (Part I): History 16^th -20^th c., with translation of the Slownik Geograficzny article for this town. Includes several exceptionally good photographs of the former Jewish area.
• Completion of the Jeleniewo Cemetery Restoration: Includes tombstone inscriptions for the 31 graves salvaged and restored, with diagram of their location, and description of other work done; and a short history of this Jewish community, with hand-drawn map of its neighborhood and sites of interest prior to WW II.
• Visit to Przerosl: Photographic evidence that Jewish cemetery restoration has begun, with photos of the town from a recent trip.
• More Archival Documents for The Lomza Area: These governmental documents, translated from the Russian, give glimpses into everyday life for Jews at the turn of the 20^th c., especially Czarist officials’ tracking of their movements. Several Jews are named, mostly from Grajewo & vicinity. 
• Short Items:  Genetic genealogy update - migration from Minsk to Lithuanian Suwalk area; a very early migration from Augustow to Holland
• Civil Record Extracts This Issue: From the Lithuanian State Hist. Archives - not microfilmed by the Mormons - Szaki births (1822-1825) and marriages (1822-1825, & c.1835-40). From the Mormon films: Sejny births (1808-1825) & marriages (1808-1823); and Zambrow marriages (1867-1875), which include many families from other Lomza gubernia towns.

Vol. 16 - Nos. 1 - 2 (Double Issue) (2006)

•    Special Section on Sejny (Part II): With interesting travel reports, more history, photos, and travel guidance. 
•    The 1784 Jewish census for Sejny and Berznicki. Full details, with analysis.
•    A visit to Sniadowo.
•    From the Lithuanian State Historical Archives, more data extracts from Szaki records not microfilmed by the Mormons:  births (1817-1821); and marriages (1817-1821; and 1841-1852). Includes many families from other Suwalki Gubernia towns.
•    Other Civil Record Extracts. From the Mormon microfilms: Sejny Deaths (1808-1825); and Wysoki Mazowiecki marriages (1850-1857) - includes many families from other Lomza Gubernia towns.

Vol. 16 - Nos. 3 - 4 (Double Issue) (2006)

•    Special Section on Szaki: History 16^th to 20^th c., plus the Szaki article from Slownik Geograficzny, and Szaki article from Kagan's Yiddish book on Jews in Lithuania. Also, the 1784 Jewish census for Szaki (with analysis and some identifications of surnames). 
•    New Book for Suwalki & Vicinity. Overview of the translation of the (Yiddish) diary of Eliezer Altschuler.
•    Szaki Records Not Microfilmed by the Mormons. Civil records from Vilnius: Deaths (1817-1835); & Marriages (1856 & 1859).
•    Preny Marriages. From private research in Vilnius, marriages 1825-1841, most not filmed by the Mormons.
•    Other Civil Records. From the Mormon microfilms, Wysoki Mazowiecki marriages (1859 - 1865).
•    Short Takes:  More on the 1915 evictions from Sejny. New cemetery project for Wolkowyski.  New Family Book for Kalwarja .

Vol. 17 - Nos. 1 - 2 (Double Issue) (2007)

•    Special Section on Lubowo: History 16^th to 20^th c., plus the Lubowo article from Slownik Geograficzny; Taxpayers c. 1820-1829; and Descendants. 
•    Early Emigration from Rajgrod to the U.K.
•    More Paris Marriages. From civil records in the Paris Archives, Suwalk-Lomza newlyweds, 1893-1902.
•    Wladyslawow Records Not Filmed by the Mormons. Civil records from Vilnius, marriages 1827-1850. Includes familes from all over Suwalki gubernia but especially Wolkowyszki and a number from Wierzbolow and Wisztyniec .
•    Preny Marriages. From research in Vilnius, marriages 1842 - 1866, most not filmed by the Mormons .

Vol. 17 - Nos. 3 - 4 (Double Issue) (2007)

•    Special Section on Rajgrod: History 16^th to 20^th c., plus: the Rajgrod article from Slownik Geograficzny; Rajgrod traders c. 1765; extracts of birth records in 1811 (from Morman microfilms); analysis of occupations c. 1826-1830; and more on Rajgroder migration to the United Kingdom. 
•    Lubowo Follow-Up: Trip report, and other items.
•    My Father's town of Vishtinetz.  A 1929 visit, with photographs.
•    More Wladyslawow Records Not Filmed by the Mormons: From Civil records in Vilnius, marriages 1852-1874.
•    From Morman Microfilms: Sniadowo marriages (1852 - 1872).

Vol. 18 - Nos. 1 - 2 (Double Issue) (2008)

•    Special Section on Preny: History 18^th to 20^th c., articles on Preny translated from Slownik Geograficzny, B. Kagan's (Yiddish) book on Jewish communities in Lithuania, and Pinkas Hakehillot. 
•    Traders c. 1765: Raczki [and Bielsk District].
•    Trip Report to Sejny and Berzniki, with photos.
•    The Liverpool Jewish Community.
•    Autobiography of E.M. Altschuler of Suwalki: Report on this recently published English translation.
•    More Records Not Filmed by the Mormons: From Vilnius, full data from civil marriage records for: Preny (1822-1824; and 1887-1892); and Balwieriszkis (1826-1847; and 1858-1867).
•    From Morman Microfilms: Szczuczyn Deaths 1809-1825.

Vol. 18 - Nos. 3 - 4 (Double Issue) (2008)

•     Special Section on Sereje (Part I): History 18^th to 20^th c., Plus: Articles from Slownik Geograficzny and  B. Kagan's (Yiddish) book on Jewish communities in Lithuania;  and extracts of data on newly-weds from Sereje found in Suwalki marriage records (1823-1867).    
•    New Initiatives For Suwalki-Lomza SIG  Overview of pre - 1826 record extracts, and Marriage Supplement data, already published, and forth - coming in Landsmen.
•    Marriage Supplements From Suwalki (1852). Full data from this source, which compensates for the missing 1852 Suwalki civil marriage records. [Much information is given here on several Suwalki-Lomza families who married into the Suwalki (town) community in 1852.]
•    More Marriage Records Not Filmed by the Mormons: Extracts of full details from marriage records in Vilnius, for Marjampol (1860, 1864-65, 1869, 1870-71) and Szaki (1861, 1864 and 1866).
•    From Morman Microfilms: Full detail from civil records for Sereje: Births and marriages (1822-1825); and births and deaths (1826-1837). Includes many familes from nearby communities, especially Liszkowe, Metele and Miraslow (Miraslaw).

Vol.  19,  Nos. 1-2   (Double Issue)  (July, 2009))

• Lomza Yeshiva Students Post - WWI.  Characteristics of these students, compared to their counterparts in Lithuanian Yeshivot.  Includes a 1927 list of 212 students who came from all over Suwalk-Lomza & bordering areas.
• A Visit to Lozdzieje.  With several interesting photos.
• Marriage Supplements From Suwalki (1855).  The wealth of information in these documents more than compensates for the missing 1855 regular civil marriages for this town.
• Civil  Records in This Issue:   Suwalki Deaths (1820-25);  Baklerowe B & D (1820-1829); Liszkowo B, M & D (1817-1825);  Sniadowo Marriages (1822-1825).  And more Marjampol Marriages from Vilnius Archives, not filmed by the Mormons: 1852-1867. [Includes families from Kalwarja, Vilkaviskis, Balbieriskis, Wladyslawow & other Suwalki gubernia towns.]

Vol. 19,  Nos. 3-4   (Double Issue)   (Jan. 2010)

• Afoot in the Shtetls of Northeast Poland.  Insightful and interesting tour through Ostrow-Mazowiecka, Tykocin, Lomza, Ostrolenka et.al.
• The Cousinhood. These five genealogical stories illustrate the high incidence of first and second cousin marriages in our area.
• Marriage Supplements:  Suwalki (1833) & Sereje (1883).  A wealth of data is found here.
• Suwalki Death Records With Out-of-Town People: 1827-1838.  Much data are given here on Jews from all over Suwalki gubernia.
• Other Record Extracts in This Issue.  Miroslaw B, M & D (1822-1825); Liszkow Births (1808-1812); Balbieriskis marriages (1871-1873).  And more Marjampol marriages from Vilnius Archives:  1847-1851. [Includes many families from Kalwarja, Vilkaviskis, Balbieriskis, Wladyslawow & other Suwalki gubernia towns.]

Vol. 20,  Nos. 1-2  (Double Issue)  (July, 2010)

• Lomza to London: Two Visits, One Journey.  A trip to Szczuczyn District, followed by a visit to new-found cousins in London.  Several photos are included.
• ‘Big Jack Zelig.’  The Nowogrod origins of this notorious East Side gangster - Zelig Lefkowitz.
• The Spiritual Life of Pilviszki.  Several rabbis are named in this new-found Hebrew source.
• Cousin Marriages as a Factor in Geographic Mobility.
• Cousin Relationships Through the Female Lines.
• More Marriage Supplements.  Suwalki (1841) and Sejny (1861-1862). Gives all the details from the missing regular civil marriage records for these towns in these years.
• Suwalki Death Records With Out-of-Town People - Part II: 1839-1848.  Jews are found in these records from all over Suwalki gubernia, and some from Lomza gubernia.
• More Marjampol Marriages Not Filmed by the Mormons: 1839-1846.  Includes many families from Balbieriskis, Vilkaviskis, Kalwarja, Wladyslawow & other Suwalk towns.

Vol. 20,  Nos. 3-4  (Double Issue)  (Jan. 2011)

• Raczki: A Dream Trip Fulfilled.  With several interesting photos from Raczki and Suwalki.
• Lowenthal / Lewinowaki Ancestors .  Geopolitical influences on names are seen in a family’s movements through the 18th-19th centuries:  Posen > Suwalki> Sweden.
• Elusive Town Records: Finding Back Doors.  Vignettes from new members dealing with limited or hard to find records: Lipsk, Grodno, Liverpool, Raczki, Virbalis, Marjampol, Kolno & Piantnica.  Includes the genealogy of violin prodigy Josef Hassid  (b. Suwalki).
• Marriage Supplements:  Sejny (1863-64).  Civil marriage records are missing for these years.
• More Marjampol Marriages Not Filmed by the Mormons:  1829-1838.
• Other Record Extracts This Issue:  Wizajny  B & D (1818-1836); Sniadowo B & D (1823-25).